Digital Society and Computer Ethics

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8.1 Digital Society and Computer Ethics

1. Digital Society

Definition:
A digital society is one where technology, especially computers, mobile devices, and the internet, plays a crucial role in daily life, connecting individuals and organizations for communication, education, work, business, and entertainment.

Key Characteristics:

  1. Digital Communication: Use of emails, messaging apps, and video conferencing to communicate globally.
  2. E-learning: Access to online educational platforms like Google Classroom, Zoom, and e-books.
  3. E-commerce: Digital platforms like Amazon or Daraz for shopping and business.
  4. Smart Technologies: Use of AI, IoT (Internet of Things), and cloud computing in various fields like healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities.
  5. Social Networking: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn to connect and share information.

Advantages:

  • Instant communication across the globe.
  • Easy access to information and services.
  • Increased opportunities for learning and innovation.

Disadvantages:

  • Risk of cybercrimes like fraud and hacking.
  • Digital addiction and over-dependence on technology.

2. Computer Ethics

Definition:
Computer ethics refers to a set of moral principles and guidelines that regulate the responsible and fair use of computers and digital technologies.

Core Guidelines:

  1. Respect for Intellectual Property:

    • Avoid copying or distributing software, music, or other digital content without permission.
    • Properly credit authors and creators for their work.

  2. Privacy Protection:

    • Do not access or share someone else’s personal data without permission.
    • Protect sensitive information like passwords and banking details.

  3. Avoiding Harmful Practices:

    • Refrain from activities like cyberbullying, online harassment, or spreading harmful content.

  4. Lawful Use of Technology:

    • Use computers and the internet only for ethical and constructive purposes.
    • Avoid activities like hacking or illegal downloads.

Examples of Ethical Behavior:

  • Using licensed software instead of pirated copies.
  • Reporting harmful content or cybercrimes to authorities.

8.2 Concept of Information Security

Definition:

Information security is the practice of protecting digital and physical information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.

Key Components:

  1. Confidentiality:

    • Ensures that sensitive information is accessible only to authorized users.
    • Example: Encrypting emails to protect communication.

  2. Integrity:

    • Ensures that the data remains accurate, consistent, and unaltered by unauthorized individuals.
    • Example: Using version control systems to track and protect document changes.

  3. Availability:

    • Ensures that information and systems are available to authorized users when needed.
    • Example: Reliable servers for 24/7 website access.

Examples of Information Security Measures:

  • Firewalls to prevent unauthorized network access.
  • Biometric authentication like fingerprint scanners.
  • Regular software updates to fix vulnerabilities.

8.3 Concept of Cybercrime

Definition:

Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that involve the use of computers, networks, or the internet to commit illegal acts.

Categories of Cybercrime:

  1. Crimes Against Individuals:
    • Identity theft, harassment, online fraud, and scams.
  2. Crimes Against Organizations:
    • Hacking company databases, ransomware attacks, and data breaches.
  3. Crimes Against Government:
    • Cyberterrorism, espionage, and attacks on government websites.

Examples of Cybercrime:

  • Phishing: Fake emails or websites to steal sensitive information.
  • Hacking: Unauthorized access to networks or systems.
  • Ransomware: Malware that locks users out of their system until a ransom is paid.

8.4 Malicious Software and Spam

1. Malicious Software (Malware)

Definition:
Malware refers to software programs created to harm, exploit, or damage computer systems and networks.

Types of Malware:

  1. Viruses: Infect files and spread to other systems when executed.
  2. Worms: Spread automatically through networks without user action.
  3. Trojans: Disguised as legitimate programs but perform malicious tasks.
  4. Spyware: Monitors user activity and steals sensitive information.
  5. Ransomware: Encrypts data and demands payment to unlock it.

Effects of Malware:

  • Corruption of data or system failure.
  • Theft of sensitive information.
  • Financial loss or business disruption.

2. Spam

Definition:
Spam refers to unwanted or irrelevant messages sent in bulk, often used for advertising or malicious activities.

Risks of Spam:

  • May contain phishing links or malware.
  • Overloads communication channels, reducing productivity.

8.5 Protection from Cybercrime

Best Practices:

  1. Use Strong Passwords: Include a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols.
  2. Install and update Antivirus Software regularly.
  3. Avoid clicking on suspicious links or emails.
  4. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for online accounts.
  5. Regularly Back Up Data to secure locations.

Examples:

  • Using password managers for secure password storage.
  • Educating employees on phishing prevention in workplaces.

8.6 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Definition:

IPR refers to the legal protection granted to creators and inventors for their original work, ensuring their rights to use and benefit from their creations.

Types of IPR:

  1. Copyright: Protects literary, artistic, and musical works.
  2. Patents: Protect inventions and processes.
  3. Trademarks: Protect brand logos, symbols, and names.

Importance of IPR:

  • Encourages innovation and creativity.
  • Protects businesses from unfair competition.
  • Provides financial rewards for creators.

8.7 Concept of Digital Signature

Definition:

A digital signature is an encrypted electronic stamp that verifies the authenticity of digital documents and transactions.

Uses:

  • Ensures the data's integrity and authenticity.
  • Provides legal validity for electronic transactions.

Benefits:

  • Enhances security in online communication.
  • Prevents forgery and unauthorized alterations.

8.8 Concept of Cyber Law in Nepal

Definition:

Cyber law governs the use of technology, protects against cybercrimes, and promotes secure digital environments.

Key Law in Nepal:

  • Electronic Transaction Act (ETA), 2006:
    • Regulates digital signatures and online transactions.
    • Penalizes cyber offenses like hacking and identity theft.

8.9 ICT Policy in Nepal

Definition:

ICT Policy outlines strategies to develop and integrate technology into Nepal's economy, education, and governance.

Objectives:

  1. Expand internet access in rural and urban areas.
  2. Promote digital literacy and education.
  3. Strengthen cybersecurity frameworks.

Benefits:

  • Boosts economic development through innovation.
  • Improves public services using e-governance.
  • Positions Nepal as a competitive player in global technology markets.

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